Social Inequality in the Work Force free essay sample

â€Å"What is the difference between sex and gender? â€Å" is an inquiry which some individuals seem confused upon because both concepts are often misunderstood. Sex is a biological distinction between males and females, while gender is a socially constructed definition that relates to characteristics defining masculinity and femininity (Kilic). The latter is a structural feature of society, as the public maintains the dominant belief in preserving male advantages. This ideology that the public has learned to accept has led to unfair treatment against women especially in employment opportunities. Women specifically experience deprivation in the work force as they face discrimination based on their sex. Many women in the employment industries have the least authority, and are confide to lower-ranking positions than men. In â€Å"Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination† by Catharine MacKinnon, the author offers a variety of concepts as to how a particular gender (male) is constructed as being dominant in society. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality in the Work Force or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MacKinnon introduces the theory of the dominance approach, which she believes parallel society’s practice of social inequality. The ideology of gender identity has created injustice for women as they have become subordinate to men in terms of power and status. Similarly in the article, â€Å"An Overview of Sex Inequality at Work† by Irene Padavic and Barbara Reskin, the authors also claim that gender is socially constructed based on the dominance approach. MacKinnon’s interpretation of the dominance approach is behind the construction of society’s ideology on gender identity; Padavic and Reskin’s article also provides an enactment of this approach, particularly on the issue of sex inequality for women in the workplace. Women experience sex segregation of jobs, sex differences in promotion/authority, and also differences in their earnings. The discrimination that women endure is a result of society’s ideology of the dominance approach. This is a concept where, â€Å"sex inequality questions are questions of systemic dominance, of male supremacy† (MacKinnon 414). MacKinnon states that society has constructed an ideology where men are believed to have more power over women as a sex. The unequal distribution of power leads to men being at the top of the hierarchy while women are at the bottom. As a result, the oppression that women experience is reflected from subordination to men in society. MacKinnon argues that, â€Å"the dominance approach centers on the most sex-differential abuses of women as a gender, abuses that sex equality law in its difference garb could not confront† (413). Women are typically the ones who face abuse in terms of rape, sexual harassment, and battery. As a result, females are usually seen as inferior because men do not face these types of abuse (MacKinnon 413). The pornography industry is another example of how women are seen as being powerless against men. By exploiting females for the sexual entertainment of men, the power differential is maintained in society. Similar to MacKinnon’s theory of the dominance approach, Padavic and Reskin’s article provide examples of how this is evident in today’s society. â€Å"An Overview of Sex Inequality at Work† focuses on women being discriminated on their jobs because of their gender. Padavic and Reskin claim that sex inequality occur in workplaces because it is embedded in the ideology of many societies (341). Like MacKinnon’s assertions, society focuses on a belief that gives preference for males to benefit. Padavic and Reskin argue that gender ideology is, â€Å"a set of widely shared assumptions about the way the sexes are and what the relations between them are and ought to be† (342). This is one of the factors that explain why there is sex inequality in the workplace. In this patriarchal society, men are seen as being the real â€Å"breadwinners† who deserve higher-paying jobs. On the other hand, women are seen as being homemakers who do not need real jobs that pay enough money to support their family (Padavic and Reskin 343). The depiction of the dominance approach is evident as employers also play a part in upholding this ideology. Employers discriminate women against professions that are seen as being typically male jobs. In the work force, sex segregation of jobs play an important role that prevent women from having equal opportunities as men. According to Padavic and Reskin, sex segregation emphasizes on, â€Å"the concentration of men and women in different kinds of work† (340). This philosophy expresses that males should typically work in industries that are defined as being male jobs, such as construction or mining. There is an assumption that blue-collar or physical labor are nontraditional jobs for women. Women are seen as being physically less strong than men, so they should be excluded from the occupations of hard labor such as construction. There are also sex differences in the promotion and authority of a woman in the work force. Based on one’s gender, certain groups of people have sex advantages with his/her jobs. As a sex, men still dominate in having the highest ranks in most occupations and professions (Padavic and Reskin 341). Under the dominant approach, men are still seen as being the gender with more power, while women are given disadvantages because they are seen as inferior to the opposite sex. Women also have less authority; as seen in the example of the Wal-Mart company, â€Å"although more than two thirds (2/3) of its hourly employees are female, they hold only one third (1/3) of store management jobs, and less than 15% of store manager positions† (Schwartz 274). These statistics prove that there is an imbalance of how much power one has based on their gender. If an employee is a male, he has the higher chance of gaining a store management position. However, if an employee is a female, she has the chance of being passed over for a promotion option. It is unfair for women be left out of the same opportunities to advance as men. Without these authorities, many women also do not have a chance to voice their opinions on what matters. Finally, sex inequality for women at the workplace is evident in the difference of earnings based on a person’s sex. Statistics show that women on average have lower incomes than men. As Padavic and Reskin claim, â€Å"elderly unmarried women had average incomes of $11,161 a year compared to $14,769 for elderly unmarried men† (341). One explanation for the staggering difference in earnings between men and women is because of the ideological assumption that only males have jobs that are â€Å"real work. † As mentioned before, society has constructed the gender of males as the breadwinners of the group who also deserve priority in higher-paying jobs. On the other hand, women are assumed to be domestic workers; the work they perform is not real, therefore they do not need to be paid enough to support themselves (Padavic and Reskin 342-43). The points that Padavic and Reskin draw attention to prove that MacKinnon’s dominance approach is in effect within society. Males as a gender have more power when compared to females; as a result, the public still upholds the dominant belief in preserving advantages for men. This philosophy that society endorses has created unequal opportunities for women in sex segregation on jobs, sex differences in promotion opportunities, and the difference in incomes. The ideology of gender that society has constructed is making women face deprivation in the workface. Gender discrimination is one example that shows why society needs to change their beliefs. If the public still upholds the philosophy of the dominance approach, they risk the consequences that will happen in the future. Men will continue to have supremacy over women. This will limit females from advancing in terms of social opportunities. Women will not be able to be promoted in their careers, such as being managers or supervisors. It will not seem fair for women if they do not receive equal pay when compared to men. Today there are many women who are single mothers in America, which makes them the breadwinners of the household.

Effects of Windmill Essay Example

Effects of Windmill Essay Example Effects of Windmill Essay Effects of Windmill Essay A windmill is a device that is used to generate power by the use of wind energy. There are some effects that it has on the environment both negative and positive. The following document will look at the effects that the windmill has on the environment and moreover on the benefits that a clean environment enjoys. (Drachmann, 1961)IntroductionThere are some benefits that it has to the environment. One is that it is used to control global warming because it does not emit any carbon into the environment. Second is that it is a renewable source of energy. Since it is natural it can be renewed over and over. It also causes the effect of drying the environment as well as warming the environment especially in the morning. It does not have any pollution effect because it does not produce any smoke. The other effect that the windmill has is that it can cause fire easily, contamination of water can occur as well as gases that are emitted in the greenhouses cannot be saved by windmill.There are some benefits that the environment enjoys when windmills are implemented on a clean environment. One is that the power that is generated by the windmill is cheap. The environment is also not polluted by any form of particles that pollute the air like smoke. The environment stays clean and fresh. It does not use fuel for it to operate hence no air pollution is caused. There are those who say that the noise caused by the windmill as it rotates causes illness but this has not been proven. The other effect that it has on the environment is the killing of bats.ReferenceA.G. Drachmann, 1961 Herons Windmill, Centaurus, pp. 145-151

Narcosis ciliates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Narcosis ciliates - Essay Example This movement propels the cell perpendicular to the orientation of the cilia. In contrast, the longer flagellum, usually one or two, moves in an undulating manner, moving successive waves from the base to the tip in the process. As such, it propels the cell to move parallel to the flagellum’s orientation. On the other hand, microvilli are non-motile appendage with no internal structure supporting it (Reece, et al., 2011). The loss of activity of cilia, resulting to loss of cellular motility, is termed ciliate narcosis. This can be induced by different living conditions and substances to which it is exposed to, such as low temperature (Jackson, Goggin and Lucas, 2012), calcium (Nakanaka, Tanaka and Oosawa, 1984), magnesium and protein (Adshead, et al., 1975) concentrations, as well as the presence of certain substances, such as theophylline, bromhexine, ambroxol, terpin hydrate, mercaptoethanesulfonat-sodium, amrinon, salbutamol, tetracosactid-hexaacetate, histamine, phenol and nitric oxide (Graf, Graf and Wenz, 1999). In addition, a study using tracheal cells in vitro, showed that ciliary beat frequency was increased at low ethanol concentrations (0. 01 to 0. 1%), unchanged at (0. 5 to 1%), and decreased above 2% (Maurer and Liebman, 1988). Moreover, even if it does not penetrate the cellular membrane, the presence of glycerol in the culture can make cellular surroundings viscous, making it more difficult for cilia to move (Negus, 1949). Alcohols are amphiphatic molecules primarily composed of alkane (CH3) and hydroxyl (OH) moieties, such that the simplest alcohol is methane (CH3OH). When the hydrocarbon portion becomes longer, as in the case of ethanol (2 Cs), propranol (3 Cs) and butanol (4 Cs), the alcohol becomes effectively more hydrophobic. A compound similar to alcohols, propranolol in particular, is glycerol, which has hydroxyl group attached to each of the three carbon atoms (Masterton and Hurley, 2008). One of the well-studied organisms known t o extensively use cilia for movement is the free-living Tetrahymena pyriformis, which belongs to the order Holotrichia, literally meaning cilia all over its membrane. The microorganism is a common fixture in human toxicity studies, because of its cilia’s similarity in terms of morphology and function to that of human epithelial cells (Graf, Graf and Wenz, 1999). Its cell membrane has the characteristic sandwich-like phospholipid bilayer, with the hydrophilic head facing the cytoplasm or the external surroundings, and the hydrophobic chain filling the middle. Given this structure, hydrophilic molecules can more easily pass the membrane, as compared to hydrophobic ones. However, the presence of transport mechanisms allows hydrophobic molecules to enter the cell (Reece, et al., 2011). In cellular permeability studies, an observable cellular change effected by previously identified substance must be utilized in order to clearly determine when and in what conditions the substance penetrated the cell membrane. In this case, the cellular change used was ciliate necrosis and the substance that causes it would be alcohol. This experiment was conducted in order to 1) observe narcosis of T. pyriformis ciliates by alcohol, and 2) discuss the results of ciliate narcosis in terms of membrane permeability. METHOD After preparing propranol and glycerol serial dilutions (propranol: 1.8 M, 1. 5M, 0. 4M, 0. 2M , 0M; glycerol: 2. 8M, 2M, 1. 7M, 1M, 0M) using distilled

Contemporary Latino Narrative Film Research Paper

Contemporary Latino Narrative Film - Research Paper Example The paper will finally present a critical analysis of the director’s work. The movie, Motorcycle Diaries released in 2004 was an adaptation of the book with the same name written as a memoir by Che Guevara himself. It was directed by Walter Sallers and starred Gael Garcia Bernal as Ernesto Guevara and Rodrigo De la Serna as Alberto Granado (IMDB). The movie begins with a youthful happiness as two friends. Ernesto and Granado begin on a journey of fun and adventure that would transport them to a leper colony where they plan to provide their services as medical men. The aim of the journey is mostly to have fun and Ernesto take on his motorcycle, Le Poderosa as the mode of transportation. However, along their journey, Guevara meets with poverty stricken people who are severely impacted by the capitalist society and this transform Guevara into a man who feels that these people should be represented and should fight for equal rights by developed a communist regime. When one sees that movie as a transformation of the protagonist, one will find a remarkable change in Guevara from the beginning of the movie till the end. The movie begins on a lighthearted note where one is able to enjoy the idiosyncrasies of the two young men who have no responsibilities of the world. Having always lived within their own circle, these two men are unaware of the plight of the communist living within their own country. In the beginning, the talk of these men is centered on girls and having fun and adventure. They laugh often, they joke often and they are like any other typical men of their age (Christianson, 13). The transformation in Guevara however is not very sudden. Even while having the adventure of his lifetime, the viewers see a responsible man in certain instances. Since Guevara belonged to the medical profession, his eyes were open for the patients among the people he met. While his friend, Granardo was more

Lord Byron and Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Lord Byron and Greece - Essay Example But one cannot forget his sacrifices for what he did for freedom of Greece. Byron was fond of travels and travelled whole Europe after which he felt his dual personality should be recognised by Don Juan instead of Bryon, so most of his biographies represent "Don Juan". Byron after travelling stopped eventually to Pisa where P.B. Shelley was awaiting for him, as she remained his lifetime devoted friend. Shelley's death lead him towards an entire different direction, he started involving in political freedom and stopped at Greece, where he found struggles for democracy and freedom from Turkey. Byron was so relentless in helping the Greek cause that he invested his everything to organise the mission to help the Greek cause. Byron was on his way towards struggle for Greeks by training troops in the squalid, marshy town of Missolonghi, that he incapacitated an incurable fever. The fever took his life on April 19, 1824, just after his thirty-sixth birthday. Although he was not much praised with respect to the Greek army, but his sudden absence from the Greek platform could not be compensated and resulted in a vacuum, which is till there and can be felt whenever 'liberation of the Greek' is discussed. Such a national hero is still unborn in Greece. Lord Byron was no doubt a revolutionist, a complete liberal,... lutionary movements in Italy and Spain, Lord Byron published his own journal named 'Liberal', "Byron defined a liberal as one interested in national sovereignty, not social reform" 3. If we analyse his life with respect to political issues that he was confronted to throughout his life we would come to know that he was the one who believed "in the very root of the word liberal, he was the one who possessed in true sense the colour of a liberal not only in his political career but also in his personal life, the acted according to his own will and pleasure, he was his own master. Gross has written in his article "His acts were unrestricted, unrestrained, and his political views are frank, open, and bold" 4. Byron had been subjected to many influences oppressive to his natural talents and besides holding political views, he had written from many aspects other than sheer self-expression, gained his liberty gradually through experiences, which had much to do in shaping and determining what his freest expression would be. Byron started taking interest in Greek politics when he attended the House of Lords where he became a strong advocate of social reform. "In the spring of 1812, his maiden speech in the House of Lords and his new friendship with the Holland had committed him politically to the Whigs, and he was therefore to be kept in Murray's drawing room as a strictly literary find." 5Before entering the House of Lords Byron was confronted to the conservative critic responses by the then political poets, and was subjected to such names like "Byron's political caprice" and "Byron's inexperience". However "In 1811 he was one of the few men in Parliament to defend the actions of the Luddites and the following year spoke against the Frame Breaking Bill, by which the

International Policies on Disability Comparison

International Policies on Disability Comparison Aging and Disability Task 4 Comparing international developments to New Zealand’s policies and practices, in relation to disability and aging. 4.1 International policies on disability from New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom New Zealand According to the New Zealand Disability Strategy it is a long term plan to change the way New Zealand society works with people with disabilities. The strategy was developed through consultations with people with disabilities to gain insight in what they need and from people who have been working closely in the disability sector because they provide real and valuable insights in what needs to be addressed in order for New Zealand to become a society where disabled people are included in every aspect of community life. According to the strategy New Zealand can be said as in inclusive society for disabled people when disabled persons can say that they live in† â€Å"A society that highly values our lives and continually enhances our full participation.† This are the Objectives: To encourage and educate for a society that is non-disabling To ensure that rights of disable people are upheld To provide disabled people the best education possible To provide employment and economic development opportunities for disabled people To promote leadership by disabled people To foster an aware and responsive public service for disabled people To create a long term support system centred on the individual and not on the disability To support quality living in the community for disabled people To support lifestyle choices, recreation and culture for the disabled individual To collect and use any relevant information about disabled people and issues relating to disability To promote and enhance participation of disabled Maori To promote and enhance participation of disabled Pacific people To enable disabled children and youth to lead active lives To promote participation of women who are disabled in order to improve quality of life To value families, whanau and people providing ongoing support to disabled individuals Canada In comparison to New Zealand where there is Disability Strategy, Canada does not have a specific disability policy for disabled people. Canada sees disability as a complex and multi-dimensional condition wherein the combination of all the effects of disability in a person’s life is addressed in different legislations in Canada. This includes: Canadian Human Rights Legislation, The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the Universal Health Care System which all have different policies regarding people with disabilities. Under these agencies, there are ten areas of policy classification in relation to people with disabilities. These ten areas are: General disability Transportation Employment Housing Education Participation Income replacement Recreation and leisure Taxation Health This ten areas explores the important aspects of the lives of people living with disabilities which follows a needs-based approach. It examines the fundamental needs of the persons with disabilities which is also something similar to the Disability Strategy of New Zealand. It aims to explore the personal fulfilment of people living with disabilities through learning, working and participating in their own community. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom they follow an internationally recognized benchmark set by the United Nations Convention for persons with disabilities in all areas of their life. Unlike New Zealand and Canada which has ten goals or benchmarks, the United Kingdom has only 5 benchmarks which are: the right not to be discriminated against the right to employment the right to health the right to equal justice the right to participate in culture In July 2009 the government of the United Kingdom ratified the Convention set by the United Nations, this meant that they agreed to be bound by the terms of the Convention and to follow and implement its benchmarks. International policies on aging from New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom New Zealand Heath of Older People Strategy New Zealand’s Health of Older People Strategy aims for older people to be able to participate in their fullest ability in decisions about their health and wellbeing. This also includes the health and wellbeing of their carers or families and their life in the community. Support through coordinated and responsive health and disability support programmes are provided for them. The Health of Older People Strategy has eight objectives which are: New Zealand’s Health of Older People Strategy outlines policies, strategies, guidelines and how funding will be provided in the care of older people. The strategy has eight core objectives: Older people and their family/whanau are able to make well-informed choices on their options for a healthy living, healthcare and their support needs. Quality health and disability support programmes will be integrated around the needs of older people and they will be helped by policy and service planning. 3. The funding and service delivery will provide promotion of prompt access to a quality integrated and disability support services for older people, their family or their carers. 4. The health and well-being of older people will be promoted through programmes and health initiatives. Older people will have access to primary and community based health services that will promote and improve their health and functioning. Access to health services in a timely mainly to improve and maintain the health of the older people. Integration of general hospital services with any community based care and support. Older people that has high and complex health and disability needs shall be given access to flexible, prompt and well-coordinated services and living options that will take into consideration the needs of their family and carers. Positive Aging Strategy Ministry of Health Another policy on Aging that New Zealand have is the Positive Aging Strategy by the Ministry of Social Development. It has a vision wherein New Zealand is a society where people can age in a positive manner, where the elderly are placed in high esteem and value and where they are recognised a core and important part of the family and the community. It continues to state that positive ageing is a reflection of the attitudes and experiences of the elderly about their own selves and how the younger generation of people view ageing and that includes how they view their own ageing as well. The New Zealand Positive Ageing Strategy helps promote and reduce barriers experienced by older people. They also improve services that older people can access. They have Ten Goals which are: Income provide adequate income for older people Health fair, prompt and accessible health services for older people Housing provide an affordable and proper options for housing to older people Transport provide transport services that older people can afford and have adequate access to Ageing in the community older people can be safe and secure as they age within the community Cultural diversity older people are given choices that are appropriate for cultural diversity in the community Rural services when accessing services in the rural communities, it will ensure older people are not disadvantaged Positive attitudes to ensure and propagate awareness so people of all ages have a positive attitude towards ageing and older people. Employment opportunities it aims to eliminate ageism and promote work opportunities that have flexible work hours for older people. Personal growth and opportunities to increase opportunities for personal growth for the older people The positive ageing strategy of New Zealand takes in to account the health, financial security, independence, personal safety, self-fulfilment and the living environment of the elderly in New Zealand. Canadian Policies on Ageing Like New Zealand, Canada has a long history of policies and programmes that is aimed at serving the elderly in Canada. The responsibility for policies and programmes in addressing the needs of the elderly is a shared responsibility between the federal and provincial/territorial levels of the government in Canada. The majority of the income security programmes are provided the federal government. The National Framework on Ageing Canada’s National Framework on Ageing has a vision which is the promotion of the wellbeing and contributions of all the elderly Canadians in all areas of their lives, the promotion of the wellbeing of seniors, recognising their valuable and important contributions to society and the reflection of the goal of eliminating ageism in the culture in all sectors of Canada. Canada’s National Framework on Ageing has 5 Principles which are: Dignity Independence Participation Fairness Security United Kingdom policies on Ageing National Health Service In the present the aging population in the United Kingdom much like the aging population in New Zealand and Canada, is steadily increasing and therefore it goes to say that health or care needs has been rising and that older people have now become the biggest users of health services. This aging trend now holds new responsibilities for the NHS and social care services in helping the elderly stay in a state of health, be active and as independent as possible for as long as possible. The United Kingdom’s healthcare system is much New Zealand’s. Under the NHS are districts and there are district health authorities that are the ones providing funding for health care for the elderly in their respective districts. Referrals for specialists for elderly patients are made by General Practitioners, so patients under the NHS can’t directly access these specialists. Emphasis has been placed on primary care regarding policies of ageing in the United Kingdom. But unlike New Zealand and Canada which has a national plan for service planning for the ageing population, the United Kingdom has no such national planning service but instead the Department of Health sets out the priorities on a yearly basis. 4.2 International service delivery policies on disability (ACTS) from New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom New Zealand Disability Support Services In New Zealand the Disability Support Services is responsible in the planning and funding of disability support services, the administration of the Intellectual Disability (Compulsory Care and Rehabilitation) Act 2003. They also provide advice on policies to the Minister of Health. The services that are being funded by the DDS are accessed through a (NASC) Needs Assessment Coordination service. NASCs are contracted to the DDS, they are organizations that work with people with disabilities and help identify what they need and to outline what types of disability support services are available to them. They are also responsible for allocating Ministry funded support services and they also assist the disabled people with accessing other support services that they may need. The main focus of the Ministry of Health’s Disability Support Services is based on the New Zealand Disability Strategy: Making a World of Difference – Whakanui Oranga. According to this document its aim is ensuring that disabled people are able to live in a society that puts a high value on their lives, works in improving their participation in their own communities and ensures that their needs are considered before making any decisions that will affect them will be made. Canada At present there are no Disabilities Act in effect in Canada, though according to my research political parties often promise such would be legislated but have still not been acted upon. Though they have no such disabilities act Canada has an alliance called the Canadian Disability Policy Alliance which is a national collaboration of disability researchers, organizations within the community, provincial as well as federal policy-makers which is aimed at creating and mobilizing knowledge to improve the disability policies in Canada and to promote equality and create opportunities for disabled people in Canada. They are being funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council for a period of 5 years. In five years, they will need to address four policy areas: Employment Education Citizenship Health Services United Kingdom In the United Kingdom unlike New Zealand, they follow the United Nations Convention. Since they have ratified this the Convention now expects the United Kingdom government to involve people with disabilities in the development of any and all policies that will have an effect on them. The Equality Act of 2010 was enacted on 1 October 2010, this aims in protecting the people with disabilities and prevent any form of discrimination against them. The Act provides people with disabilities legal rights in the areas of: From 1 October 2010, the Equality Act 2010 aims to protect disabled people and prevent disability discrimination. It provides legal rights for disabled people in the areas of: education employment access to goods and services functions of public services buying and renting property In the United Kingdom the Equality Act also covers and provides the rights of people to not be discriminated directly or harassed just because they have an association with a person with disability. This applies to a carer or a parent of a disabled person. Adding to this, people must not be directly discriminated against or harassed just because people have the misconception that they are disabled. Also protected by this Act are people who were disabled in the past. But in New Zealand the policies regarding disabled peoples protection are specifically for disabled people alone against discrimination and there is a separate policy for non-disabled people against discrimination. International service delivery policies on aging from New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom New Zealand In New Zealand, Service Delivery Policies includes care services on a long term basis in both the residential and in the home setting. Service Delivery Policies include long term care services in both residential and home settings. It aims to provide a high quality, affordable, sustainable and timely access to services that are being funded through their own respective District Health Boards. Under the Social Development sector, a retirement income such as Superannuation is provided to New Zealanders over 65 years of age. There is also a veteran’s pension available for people who have served in the military. Other range of services available to older people includes financial assistance like Gold Card, Accommodation Supplement, and reduced cost in fees for their doctors, and a form of medication subsidies. Canada In Canada they have a national health care insurance program called â€Å"Medicare†. This program is under the Health Care Act, which is a publicly funded system in Canada with an interlocking set of 10 provincial and territorial plans. This act provides the older people access to hospital and physician services all the time. There are also other services the older Canadians can access which are: Canada Pension Plan (CPP) Old Age Security (OAS), pension for over 65 Guaranteed Income Supplement Spouse’s Allowance (1975) One other contribution of the Canadian federal government is the funds allocated to the provincial health and social programmes through agencies such as Canada Health and Social Transfers. They also provide major allocations in funding for health care, health promotion, disease prevention and medical research. The National Council on Aging (NACA) since the 1980s has long been assisting and providing advice to the Minister of Health on issues relating to the ageing of the Canadian population and the quality in the life of the older Canadians. Through its institution, the government of Canada has recognized that it needs to meet the concerns of its elderly population that they needed to be informed especially by the elderly about what their needs and concerns are and how to improve their conditions. United Kingdom National Service Framework In the United Kingdom there is a National Service Framework designed as a 10 year programme that contains eight standards that relates to services designed for older people. It covers a wide range of services of care that older people need. The frameworks standards represents essential principles which guarantee that care is based on the clinical need and not the age of the individual. It guarantees that services being provided treat the elderly as individuals, promoting their quality of life, their independence, their dignity and the elderly’s right to make their own choices and decisions especially regarding their own care. As early as January 1909, the United Kingdom (including Ireland) has a basic state pension known as the â€Å"Old Age Pension†. They also have travel concessions, allowances for winter fuel and housing assistance programs. 4.3 REFERENCES Ministry of Social Development. (2007). Older People. Retrieved from  http://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/corporate/statement-of-intent/2007/older-people.html Ministry of Social Development. (2001). Positive Ageing Goals and Key Actions. Retrieved from http://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/planning-strategy/positive-ageing/goals-and-actions.html Ministry of Health. (2002). Health of Older People Strategy. Retrieved from  http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/health-older-people-strategy New Plymouth District Council. (2010). Positive Ageing Strategy. Retrieved from  http://www.newplymouthnz.com/CouncilDocuments/PlansAndStrategies/PositiveAgeingStrategy.htm#nz Employment and Social Development Canada. (2013). Addressing the challenges and opportunities of ageing in Canada. Retrieved from http://www.esdc.gc.ca/eng/seniors/reports/aging.shtml Canadians with Disabilities Alliance. (2010). A Canadians with Disabilities Act?. Retrieved from http://www.disabilitypolicyalliance.ca/federal_policy_team/federal_canadianswithdisabilitiesact/canadians-with-disabilities-act.html JAQUELINE VILLAFLORES

McDonalds Corporation Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing BTEC Coursewor

Advertising Advertising is a highly specialised area of marketing. It includes researching and developing television and radio commercials and print advertisements, as well as the planning and execution of buying media. McDonald's advertising focuses on two key areas: 1. Promotional advertising 2. Brand advertising Promotional Advertising Promotional advertising gives people a new reason to visit McDonald's or to try McDonald's for the first time. McDonald's Marketing researches, designs, plans and implements great new offers such as novelty burgers, games, premiums and Happy Meals which offer great value and new taste sensations. Brand Advertising Brand advertising promotes and enhances the personality of our brand and builds a relationship with our customers. Brand advertising doesn't simply sell food or products. It reflects the ways our different customers experience McDonald's. Our promotional and brand advertising are designed to complement each other and keep McDonald's at the top of our customers' minds. Public relations Public relations programs keep our customers informed about a wide range of McDonald's-related issues. We achieve this by working with the media to communicate McDonald's position on a range of topics including employment, the environment, nutrition, education and training. We also work with the media to educate people about developments within McDonald's, ranging from new store openings to the addition of a Playland at a local restaurant or an outstanding young crew person receiving an award. Giving something back to the community is not only good public relations but good business. Our public relations programs also provide opportunities to develop positive relationships with schools, community groups, recreational centres, businesses and all types of special interest groups. Public relations not only means making sure the public knows what's going on, but also ensuring everyone within McDonald's is aware of developments in the company. Internal communication with all McDonald's employees is therefore a major part of our public relations programs. Effective and innovative marketing has positioned and secured McDonald's leadership in the quick service restaurant industry. In order to maintain that position we ensure that every restaurant in our system is involved with... ...mpany will launch a new advertising campaign, "We love to see you smile." The campaign, developed by DDB Chicago, brings to life the customer-focused initiatives being implemented at McDonald's nationwide. Several of the commercials feature actual McDonald's restaurant crew employees to give customers a perspective from the people who work at McDonald's everyday. Additionally, Hispanic and African-American advertising was created and developed by del Rivero Messianu in Miami and Burrell Advertising in Chicago, respectively. Spots begin airing nationally on June 30. "This campaign was created in a spirit of unprecedented collaboration with our owner/operators and our agencies," said Larry Zwain, senior vice president of marketing for McDonald's USA. "Our goal was to create ads in the tradition of the best McDonald's advertising and capture the energy and excitement that embodies McDonald's today." McDonald's is the world's largest and best-known global food service retailer, with more than 27,000 restaurants serving more than 43 million people a day in 119 countries. Approximately 80 percent of McDonald's global restaurants are owned and operated by independent franchisees.